托福阅读题型中的事实信息题的小总结

　　这篇文章是对托福阅读题型中的事实信息题的小总结。

　　作为托福阅读中的一个要害题，你get它的规则了吗？你做题时会不会抓耳挠腮呢？

　　下面，我们来一起分析下攻破这个题的正确姿势是什么。

　　题目要求

　　要求按照题干要求选出符合原文语意的选项。也就是说，答案是基于原文信息的同意改写，不需要推理。大多数的题目只需要你阅读段落中特定的句子，比如一两句话，并不需要掌握段落主题。

　　题型形式

　　According to the paragraph, which of the following is true of X?

　　The author’s description of X mentions which of the following?

　　According to the paragraph, X occurred because…

　　According to the paragraph, X did Y because…

　　According to the paragraph, why did X do Y?

　　The author’s description of X mentions which of the following?

　　考察数量

　　3-5个。它是托福阅读中的主力题。

　　选题规律

　　1

　　仔细阅读题目，从题干中找准定位词

　　完成细节题就好比是你要开车去一个陌生地方。为了防止走弯路或者迷路，我们会导航，是不是。这样即便我们中间走错了路，也能及时校对方向。

　　那完成细节题时，我们也需要一个“导航”， 它就是题干要求或题目关键词。

　　完成细节题时，我们的目标很明确，就是在原文中快速找到跟题干相关的句子。后面阅读时，心里就会有把“杆秤”，去权衡哪句话跟题目相关、哪句话跟题目不相关。

　　也就是说，以题目要求来决定我们的阅读注意力放在哪句话上，避免挣扎于不必要的挣扎。这时候第一步就需要从题干中找准定位词。

　　那定位词有什么条件呢？

　　1、易识别

　　只为了在茫茫单词中多看它一眼，

　　题干的定位词就要有特点。

　　越能在走马观花地阅读中发现它越好。

　　大写相对于小写，就是特点。

　　数字相对于字母，就是特点。

　　斜体相对于正体，就是特点。

　　专有名词相对于普通名词，就是特点。

　　比如：According to paragraph 6, which of the following accounts for the delay in the conversion to sound films in Europe? 定位词为Europe；

　　What makes the extinction of “the ammonites” especially significant? 定位词为“the ammonites”

　　2、阅读范围少

　　细节题对句子的考察是“少而精”。

　　所以，定位词涉及的句子越少越减少阅读负担。

　　在这里，选择的定位词尽量避开段落主题词。

　　比如，According to paragraph 3, which of the following is often the subject of Navajo sand paintings?

　　在这段话中，段落主题是Navajo sand paintings, 所以Navajo不可以作为定位词；subject更有针对性，但subject有被改写的可能，所以回原文定位时有相关话题。

　　3、精准

　　优秀的射手不在于距离多远，而在于准。你的目标就是成为那个优秀的射手，瞄准要害，百分百中。这个要害对应的话，就是题目的核心词汇。

　　比如：According to paragraph 4, one role of the new council was to...问的是new council的作用是什么，new council 相对于role描述语意更精准，所以定位词为new council.

　　核心词汇不一定是特殊词汇，也不一定是名词，是通过语意决定主次。

　　比如：According to the passage, which of the following is...?

　　整段讨论的对象是tunas, 话题是关于tunas保持一致运动的原因，从语意出发“constant motion”是定位词。考虑到“constant motion”有改写的可能，定位过程中是搜寻跟它一致的语意而不是相同形式。

　　Tips

　　个别题目是针对全段话题细节的考察，注定需要全段阅读。如：which of the following is true of …?

　　逻辑也是一种定位方法，比如题目涉及因果逻辑关系，那在文章中搜索因果逻辑相关的内容也是一种提示。

　　2

　　以定位词为导向，在原文中搜索答案。

　　这一步是关键。

　　要注意，定位词在原文搜索中有改写的可能，尤其是“普通名词”，“形容词”，“动词”。

　　如，“constant motion”对应原文“keep swimming”; “subject”对应原文“illustrate”。熟悉词与词之间的同意改写能更快地在文章中找到“目标句”。

　　3

　　理解原文，核对选项

　　在原文确定好跟题干相关的句子后，仔细阅读，筛选出答案关键词，进而与选项匹配。前两步做对了，这一步的操作流程就类似于“句子简化题”。

　　总结

　　细节题三步走，“定位-搜索-核对”。而，排除做题会比较低效率。我们的目标是尽快找到答案字眼。

　　想想看，要想早一点找到你心中完美的“他”或“她”，你要先知道你想要和什么样的人在一起。那要想尽快筛选出答案，起码你要知道答案大概长什么样子。

　　练习

　　一起来做一道完整的练习热热身??

　　（TPO40-1Ancient Athens）

Paragraph 4: Cleisthenes’ principal contribution to the creation of democracy at Athens was to complete the long process of weakening family and clan structures, especially among the aristocrats, and to set in their place locality-based corporations called demes, which became the point of entry for all civic and most religious life in Athens. Out of the demes were created 10 artificial tribes of roughly equal population. From the demes, by either election or selection, came 500 members of a new council, 6000 jurors for the courts, 10 generals, and hundreds of commissioners. The assembly was sovereign in all matters but in practice delegated its power to subordinate bodies such as the council, which prepared the agenda for the meetings of the assembly, and the courts, which took care of most judicial matters. Various committees acted as an executive branch, implementing policies of the assembly and supervising, for instance, the food and water supplies and public buildings. This wide-scale participation by the citizenry in the government distinguished the democratic form of the Athenian polis from other, less liberal forms.

　　According to paragraph 4, one role of the new council was to

　　A. determine what issues came before the assembly

　　B. prepare the agenda for the courts

　　C. carry out the assembly’s policies

　　D. oversee the distribution of food and water

　　段落看起来很长，其实只是个“纸老虎”。

　　1

　　仔细阅读题目，从题干中找准定位词。

　　“one role of the new council was to”

　　讨论对象为“the new council”，即为定位词。

　　2

　　以定位词为导向，在原文中搜索答案。

　　以“council”搜索到“The assembly was sovereign in all matters but in practice delegated its power to subordinate bodies such as the council, which prepared the agenda for the meetings of the assembly, and the courts, which took care of most judicial matters.”

　　这句话重点是理解并列关系指的是：the council and the courts；

　　“which prepared the agenda for the meetings of the assembly”解释“the council”；

　　“which took care of most judicial matters”解释“the courts”

　　3

　　理解原文，核对选项。

　　通过原文信息确定“the new council”作用是“prepared the agenda for the meetings of the assembly”；

　　注意，“assembly”与“the courts” 属于不同团体。

　　与选项对比中，determine what issues came before the assembly=prepared the agenda for the meetings of the assembly，因此A?；

　　B是极具迷惑的选项，prepare the agenda 与原文字眼完全一致，但the courts? the assembly。

　　所以，长得跟原文越像的选项越有欺骗性。

　　错误选项

　　在文中未提及；

　　与文中信息矛盾