托福阅读题型中的排除题的小总结

      托福阅读题型中的排除题的小总结

　　这篇文章是对托福阅读题型中的排除题的小总结。

　　你会觉得这个题麻烦吗？

　　你会在这个题上周转很久吗？

　　这个题是不是有什么技巧你还不知道呢？

　　那这篇文章会帮到你！

　　题目要求

　　这个题要求你选出在文中没有清楚陈述的答案。

　　注意哟，对于这个题目来说，正确答案是不正确的选项。

　　相对应的，没有选出的选项是在文中有呈现。

　　这个题跟细节题一样，针对的是文章局部信息，但阅读范围会比细节题大。

　　题型形式

　　According to the passage, which of the following is NOT true of x?

　　The author’s description of X mentions all of the following EXCEPT

　　考察数量

　　1-2。可难可易。

　　选题规律

　　第一，仔细读题，寻找定位词字眼。

　　跟细节题的操作方法类似，首先需从排除题题干中找到定位词。

　　好处是通过定位从文中确定与题目相关话题的启始位置。

　　我们的目标是：只在跟考题相关的句子上浪费功夫！

　　比如，一个简单例子：

　　All of the following are mentioned  in paragraph 3 as required for successful colonization of the Pacific islands EXCEPT

　　定位词：the Pacific islands

　　第二，逐一阅读定位句，每读完一句原文便比对选项。

　　排除题的考点是并列逻辑关系。

　　并列的范围可大可小，可能在一个句子内并列，也可能是句子和句子间并列。

　　要阅读哪些句子，不可预期。

　　但是，要确保你读过的句子没白读，不会反反复复读，你就要读一句看一下选项，看看是不是哪个选项可以排除掉。

　　打地鼠游戏玩过吗？

　　你要做的就是，捋起锤子快速在文中把“老鼠”消灭掉。

　　我们来看个例子

　　TPO5 The Origin of the Pacific Island People

　　The basic cultural requirements for the successful colonization of the Pacific islands include the appropriate boat-building, sailing, and navigation skills to get to the islands in the first place, domesticated plants and gardening skills suited to often marginal conditions, and a varied inventory of fishing implements and techniques. It is now generally believed that these prerequisites originated with peoples speaking Austronesian languages (a group of several hundred related languages) and began to emerge in Southeast Asia by about 5000 B.C.E.

　　All of the following are mentioned  in paragraph 3 as required for successful colonization of the Pacific islands EXCEPT

　　A knowledge of various Austronesian languages

　　B  a variety of fishing techniques

　　C   navigational skills

　　D   knowledge of plant cultivation

　　以“the Pacific islands” 定位到原文“ The basic cultural requirements for the successful colonization of the Pacific islands include the appropriate boat-building, sailing, and navigation skills to get to the islands in the first place, domesticated plants and gardening skills suited to often marginal conditions, and a varied inventory of fishing implements and techniques. ”

　　此句有多处“，”的并列关系，“navigation skills”对应“C navigational skills”?；

　　“domesticated plants and gardening skills suited to often marginal conditions”对应“D knowledge of plant cultivation”?；

　　“a varied inventory of fishing implements and techniques”对应“B a variety of fishing techniques” ?；

　　所以，正确答案是A?

　　如果阅读仔细的同学可能会留意到A对应于原文第二句“these prerequisites originated with peoples speaking Austronesian languages”，但与题干意思不符。

　　当然，并列内容集中的话，更容易扫荡答案；若并列话题松散于整个段落，排除起来会比较麻烦，但千万别错过了“并列词”的提示作用。

　　（TPO18 The mystery of yawning）

Paragraph2: Another flaw of the tiredness theory is that yawning does not raise alertness or physiological activity, as the theory would predict. When researchers measured the heart rate, muscle tension and skin conductance of people before, during and after yawning, they did detect some changes in skin conductance following yawning, indicating a slight increase in physiological activity. However, similar changes occurred when the subjects were asked simply to open their mouths or to breathe deeply. Experiments have also cast serious doubt on the belief that yawning is triggered by a drop in blood oxygen or a rise in blood carbon dioxide. Volunteers were told to think about yawning while they breathed either normal air, pure oxygen, or an air mixture with an above-normal level of carbon dioxide. If the theory was correct, breathing air with extra carbon dioxide should have triggered yawning, while breathing pure oxygen should have suppressed yawning. In fact, neither condition made any difference to the frequency of yawning, which remained constant at about 24 yawns per hour. Another experiment demonstrated that physical exercise, which was sufficiently vigorous to double the rate of breathing, had no effect on the frequency of yawning. Again the implication is that yawning has little or nothing to do with oxygen.

　　Paragraph 2 answers all of the following questions about yawning EXCEPT

　　A Does yawning increase alertness or physiological activity?

　　B Does thinking about yawning increase yawning over not thinking about yawning?

　　C Does the amount of carbon dioxide and oxygen in the air affect the rate at which people yawn?

　　D Does the rate of breathing affect the rate at which people yawn?

　　此段的主题在列举“打哈欠能提高警觉性”这个理论的缺陷，共三条。分别为：

　　“Another flaw of the tiredness theory is that yawning does not raise alertness or physiological activity, as the theory would predict.”对应于A选项?；

　　“Experiments have also cast serious doubt on the belief that yawning is triggered by a drop in blood oxygen or a rise in blood carbon dioxide.” 对应于C选项?；

　　“Another experiment demonstrated that physical exercise, which was sufficiently vigorous to double the rate of breathing, had no effect on the frequency of yawning.” 对应于D选项?。

　　可以看到，这三句话有明显的标志词，即“ Another”、“also”、“Another”，代表是观点句。

　　如果能快速发现他们间的并列关系，你就可以跳跃中间细节轻松找到答案B?。

　　除此之外，还有一种更简单的排除题。如果阅读原文句时发现原文内容与选项相反，即可停止阅读，立即确定答案为这个矛盾选项。因为与原文矛盾就是错误的一种类型，即便这时候你没有将剩余选项与原文匹配。

　　第三，逐一排除选项，确定答案。

　　你可能读一句话选出答案，也可能读一个自然段。准确快速识别并列逻辑词是选答案的一个捷径。若有选项与原文矛盾，答案选择轻而易举。不管怎样，读一句原文校对一次选项是快速确定答案的方式。

　　错误选项

　　与原文信息相符