托福阅读推断题技巧,这篇文章是对托福阅读题型中的推断题的小总结。
这个题型听上去是不是云里雾外?
不神秘,也不玄乎。
了解了推断题的题型特点便能拨开云雾见月明。
题目要求
题目测试你的推断能力,能不能理解一个在文中未准确陈述的观点。比如,一个事件的影响在文中提出,然后推断题会问你它的原因是什么。如果文中进行了两个对象间的比较,那推断题会围绕着对比内容考察。
题型形式
Which of the following can be inferred about X?
The author of the passage implies that X …
Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about X ?
考察数量
1-2;偏难。
选题规律
先声明一下:托福阅读中的推断题比中文的推断题要简单狭隘的多。比如,你读了一本小书,小说里的一个演员生气了,你可能会想作者在解释这个人性格不好,在警告读者不能乱发脾气。但是,在托福阅读中,我们只能推断出这个人啊,不开心了,仅此而已。
不妨,我们就把推断题当作事实信息题处理。尽管答案不一定是逐词逐句地推断,但文章中肯定有标准内容来得出推断题答案。
托福阅读的推断是讲道理的。
既然推断题类似于事实信息题,所以我们依据可以按照“定位-搜索-核对”三步曲策略。这道题难点就在于把握合理的推理思路。
推断题的推理思路可以假设成“硬币的正反面”。也就是说,要么推理结果与原文内容一致,要么推理结果与原文内容相反。在这里,我简要用“正逻辑”和“反逻辑”来代表。
正逻辑
1)由具体到抽象的推断
如:Paragraph 3 suggests which of the following about the people of Latium? (TPO 7 Ancient Rome and Greece)
定位句:In all probability it was the fertile plain of Latium, where the Latins who founded Rome originated, that created the habits and skills of landed settlement, landed property, landed economy, landed administration, and a land-based society.
推理结果:Agriculture played a significant role in the society.
依据:具象词land—概括词Agriculture.
2) 由抽象到具体的推断
如:Which of the following statements about annual rainfall can be inferred from paragraph 1?(TPO 12 Water in the Desert)
定位句:An annual rainfall of four inches is often used to define the limits of a desert.
推理结果:Areas that receive more than four inches of rain per year are not considered deserts.
依据:“define the limits of a desert”代表着“标尺”作用,
即 >4=?desert;<4=?desert.
正确答案把定义性的抽象内容延展成具体信息。
3)由细节到观点的推断
如:What does the discussion in paragraph 1 of runoff channels in the southern highlands suggest about Mars? (TPO8 Running Water)
定位句:Photographic evidence suggests that liquid water once existed in great quantity on the surface of Mars. Two types of flow features are seen: runoff channels and outflow channels.
推理结果:Large amounts of rain once fell on parts of Mars.
依据:第二句“Two types of flow features are seen”对应于第一句“Photographic evidence”,所以“runoff channels and outflow channels”可以证明“liquid water once existed in great quantity on the surface of Mars."?答案句中的“rain”是对原文“liquid water”的改写。
反逻辑
出现情况稳定,原文出现了两个事物之间的对比。原文阐述了一个对象的特点,推断题要求选出另一个对象的特点。所以,最后的答案与原文细节相反。
常见的对比逻辑词有:not, unlike, in contrast to, however, but, now, 时间/地点。
如,Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 3 about the solid gypsum layer?(TPO 7 The Geologic History of the Mediterranean)
定位句:Sediment above and below the gypsum layercontained tiny marine fossils, indicating open-ocean conditions.
推理结果:It did not contain any marine fossil.
依据:“above and below the gypsum layer”以地点代表对比,意味着“above and below the gypsum layer”和“the solid gypsum layer”特点不一致,所以在这里添加地点强调两者的不一致性。
你可以把它想象成一个汉堡包夹层结构,上下是面包但中间是肉肉。因此,若“above and below the gypsum layer contained tiny marine fossils”,则“the solid gypsum layer did not contain any marine fossil.”
错误选项
以偏概全;过度推理;与原文信息矛盾。
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