这篇文章是对托福阅读题型中的插入题的小总结。
这个题型属于托福题中的简单题。
你学会秒杀它了吗?
题目要求
在这个题目中会有一个句子,问的是它应该插入在文中的什么位置。完成这道题需要你理解文章结构以及句与句之间的衔接方式。
题型形式
Look at the four squares [█] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.
[You will see a sentence in bold.]
Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square [█] to add the sentence to the passage.
考察数量
1个。简单题。
选题规律
连贯的语言表达更容易让人理解。
好的文章并不是机械堆积句子,而是句子与句子间有着逻辑或语意拉扯。
为了保证文章连贯,英语中句子的衔接方式可以分为以下三种:
代词衔接
代词是对要重复陈述事物的替代,从而使语言表达简洁。
它好比是火车车厢的车钩,把同一对象的意思衔接在一起。
如果在插入句中发现了代词,注定的是这个代词的指代对象在段落里有提及。
若能知道这个代词大概指代的是什么,则很快能判定插入句与段落中哪个句子相关。
所以,代词是完成插入题的一个信号。
完成此题时要先观察插入句中有没有代词呢。
代词指代的是什么?
指代对象是单数还是复数?是人还是物呢?
比如:TPO41-1 Navajo Art
Paragraph 1:…Working from the inside of the design outward, the Navajo artist and his assistants will sift the black, white, bluish-gray, orange, and red materials through their fingers to create the finely detailed imagery. █ The paintings and chants used in the ceremonies are directed by well-trained artists and singers who enlist the aid of spirits who are impersonated by masked performers. █ The twenty-four known Navajo chants can be represented by up to 500 sand paintings. █ These complex paintings serve as memory aids to guide the singers during the performance of the ritual songs, which can last up to nine days. █
Look at the four squares [█] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.
Since this purpose is limited to the context of the ritual, the paintings are destroyed when the ritual is completed.
Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square [█] to add the sentence to the passage.
插入句出现代词“this”,其指代“purpose”,也就意味着原文中肯定提及过与“purpose”相关话题。考虑到“purpose” 有改写的可能,回原文匹配与“purpose” 相关的内容,然后锁定“aid to”。因为代词出现是简化重复信息,所以放在其指代对象的后面,则此题答案为D。
此题中常出现的可用于信号的代词有:such, this, that, those, these, they, he….; 另外,冠词“the”的特质性也是建立在重复内容基础上,所以“the”也是一个信号。
代词和冠词的提示作用大大减少了完成此题的阅读信息量,答案的判定直接简化成词与词的对应关系。
逻辑衔接
逻辑关系是句意关系的指示灯。
如果插入句中出现了句间逻辑关系词,则能快速锁定插入句的背景。
常见的句间逻辑关系包括:举例、转折、并列、因果、递进。
比如:
TPO40-3 Amphibian Thermoregulation
①Physiological adaptations can assist amphibians in colonizing habitats where extreme conditions prevail. ②The tolerance range in body temperature represents the range of temperatures within which a species can survive. ③One species of North American newt is still active when temperature drops to -2℃ while one South American frog feels comfortable even when temperatures rise to 41℃---the highest body temperature measured in a free-ranging amphibian.④█Recently it has been shown that some North American frog and toad species can survive up to five days with a body temperature of -6℃ with approximately one-third of their body fluids frozen.⑤█The other tissues are protected because they contain the frost-protective agents glycerin or glucose.⑥█Additionally, in many species the tolerance boundaries are flexible and can change as a result of acclimatization (long-term exposure to particular conditions). █
Look at the four squares [█]that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage
On the other hand, amphibians in very hot climates use secretions from the mucus glands to decrease their temperature through evaporative cooling.
Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square [█] to add the sentence to the passage.
1.阅读插入句,识别句间逻辑。
插入句中出现了并列关系的逻辑词on the other hand;
并列内容是amphibians 在“hot climates”如何降低温度。
2. 阅读原文,寻找可与逻辑关系匹配的句子。
此题目标是回原文阅读,寻找与插入句并列的句子。
阅读范围是第一个插入位置的上一句和最后一处的插入句,即“one species of North American…conditions”.
此段的主题是“Physiological adaptations”如何帮动物生活于恶劣环境中。
第三句话举例在讲动物忍耐范围之大,如“-2℃”到“41℃”,并没有具体讲到adaptations是什么,A选项?;
第四句话举例说“some North American frog and toad species”可以生活在“-6℃”,伴随着1/3的身体冷冻状态。此句涉及了动物在较低温度下的一种生活方式。
第五句话中,“the other tissues”与第四句话中“one-third of their body fluids”话题延续,中间不能穿插其他话题,所以B选项?。
第六句话中,“additionally”代表句间并列逻辑关系,解释动物的忍耐区间是灵活的。
比较C和D选项时发现,原文第四句和第五句解释的是动物生活在较低温度“-6℃”下的调节方式,而插入句是在解释动物生活在较高温度“very hot climates”的调节方式。也就是四五句话在主题上与插入句一样,解释的是动物的适应能力。并且,话题间解释的是不同环境下的适应能力,并列关系明显。
3 确定答案
插入句与原文第四五句话间构成并列关系,正确答案为C?
逻辑信号是此题完成的一大线索。
逻辑关系的识别不难,但能准确理解出逻辑关系在语境的体现形式是要害。
训练逻辑与语意匹配关系是一大关键。
语意衔接
阅读中,每个自然段会有一个主题。
为了让话题不散架,前后句间就需要有交集。
如果不能做到句子间前后有回应,那一个句子可以要么承前上一句内容,要么启后后一句话内容。
比如:
Fossilization of soft-bodied animals is less likely than fossilization of hard-bodied animals, but it does occur. It is relatively rare because the fossilization of soft-bodied animals requires a special environment. 第二句话承前第一句话内容。
Another aspect of advertising that may especially influence children is fantasy. Fantasy is one of the more common techniques in advertising that could possibly mislead a young audience. 第一句话启后第二句话内容。
如果插入句中没有代词、冠词或逻辑关系的提示下,则插入题完成时会通过排除法原则,在段落中寻找与插入句重叠的内容。
错误选项
与插入句没有信息交集
排列顺序错误
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