雅思写作：如何在Task2写作中避免跑题？

作文审题向来是中国考生的弱点，甚至有考官曾表示90%的中国考生都存在审题的问题，但这一直都没能引起学生太多的重视。希望通过这期文章分享，告知大家一些审题注意事项，对各位“烤鸭”有所帮助。

跑题类型

跑题主要分成两大类型，第一是偏离话题（off-topic），题目中要求讨论城乡差异，结果学生写成犯罪，这种情况不常见；第二是没有完成任务（off-task），即考生没有根据题目中的要求来回答。后面这种情况又分成两类：完全离题和部分离题。

1完全离题

先来看一个完全离题的例子：

(2013-10-26) Some people think a rise in standard of living in a country only seems to benefit cities more than rural areas. What problems may

those differences cause? How to reduce this problem?

原题要求考生写城乡收入差异大会造成什么后果和如何应对，可据考官透漏，将近三分之二的中国考生写成了原因加影响。究其原因，无非将原文中“cause”弄混了。同一情况去年再次出现：

(2015-04-11) Nowadays, older people who need employment have to compete with younger people. What problems do this cause? And what are

the solutions?

这一问题其实不难解决，考生只要注意题干中cause即可，弄明白是名词还是动词，动词的话是谁导致了谁，一般也不会再出问题。

2部分离题

部分离题的情况就比较复杂了，个人分为以下几种：

1、丢三落四型

这种跑题的情况有可能是没有注意到原题干中的并列词（and，or），比如以下这几个题目：

(2013-01-12) Children spend long time studying in school. What are the positive or negative effects on children and society they live in?

(2015-01-29) Currently, some scientists or travelers like to travel to remote natural environment such as south pole. Do the advantages outweigh

the disadvantages?

(C9-T3) Some people say that the best way to improve public health is by increasing the number of sports facilities. Others, however, say that this

would have little effect on public health and that other measures are required. Discuss both these views and give your own opinion.

前两个题目中均是学生不小心忽略掉题干中某个并列的名词（已用下划线标出）；第三个来自于剑桥九第三篇，题干中并列的是两个句子，也就是说如果考生认同题干中后者的观点，则既要证明增加体育措施没什么效果，还要证明有其他更好的措施存在，两者缺一不可。当然，题干中也完全可以并列动词，题目请参考

去年12月6号和4月26号两场考试的题目：

(2014-12-06) Some people think “vertical city”, where people live and work in high buildings is the best. Others think “horizontal city” is better,

where there are few tall buildings. Discuss both views and give your own opinion.

(2014-04-26) With the widespread of the Internet, many people choose to work and study at home instead of traveling to workplaces and colleges.

Do you think the advantages of this development outweigh the disadvantages?

这种情况解决起来也很简单，考生只要审题时划出并列词and，or即可。

2、买椟还珠型

这类跑题考生的问题就是摸不清原文的虚实，讨论了不该讨论的东西，忽略了重点。这一般出现在题干内容较长时，解题的关键在于两类逻辑关系的把握。先看

这个题：

(2014-10-25) Some people say job satisfaction is more important than job security. Others think people cannot always enjoy their jobs, so having a permanent job is more important. Discuss both views and give your own opinion.

在这里 “having a permanent job is more important”是重点，而 “people cannot always enjoy their jobs”则只是得出这一结论的原因。考生需要把握的是，当题干中出现因果关系词汇时，讨论的重点是结论，而非结原因，当然该原因也应该在正文部分用上。此类话题在雅思原题中多次出现，以下是几个简单的

例子：

(2012-06-09) Some people think news is in no connection with people’s lives; therefore, it is a complete waste of time to read the news in the newspaper or watch TV news. To what extent do you agree or disagree?

(2011-01-27) Some people think that it is necessary to travel abroad to learn about other countries, but other people think that it is not necessary

to travel abroad because all the information can be seen at TV and the internet. Discuss both opinions and give your own opinion.

除了因果关系，另一类易出错的关系则是转折关系。

(2012-5-19) Food can be produced more cheaply today because of improved fertilizers and better machinery. However, some people think that the

methods used to achieve this may have negative effects on human health and local communities. To what extent do you agree or disagree?

一般来说，however后面的是我们讨论的重点，前面顶多算是一种背景。另外，考生也要防止把此类情况看成双方对立观点，各自论证，也是跑题。

3、指东打西型

指东打西这一技能若是在篮球或者足球场上，都是描述传球大师时会用到的词汇，但是考生如果在作文时也尝试指东打西，就不是什么好事儿了。这种类型的跑题特征就是考生没有注意到题干中越来越多，越来越细的限定词，将动作（影响或利弊）的承受者进行了扩大、缩小、偏转或过度延伸。

（1）扩大

这类情况最多，而出题者这两年也格外喜欢考察这点，最有代表性的数去年3月28的真题：

(2015-03-28) Some people think that the increasing use of computers and mobile phones for communication has had a negative effect on young people’s reading and writing skills. Do you agree or disagree?

在这个题目中，动作的承受者是年轻人的阅读和写作能力，而非年轻人这个大群体。很多学生看到题目甚是欣喜，出来分数开始怀疑人生，原因无非是扩大的这

个承受者。当然，这里面for communication 也是个跑题点。同类的题目还有：

(2015-08-29) Some people regard the increasing business and cultural contact between countries as a positive development. Others, however, feel

these leading to loss of national identities. Discuss both views and give your opinion.

这个题目一方观点没有限定，但是另一方观点限定在national identities，也是坑了一批中国考生。

（2）缩小

缩小影响承受者的情况很多都会和审题时and缺失的原因一致，另外就是把society降为individuals，或社会中某个小的方面，例如经济、政治、文化、环境等。

例如：

(2013-02-23) Not enough students choose science subjects in university in many countries. What're the reasons for this problem? What are the

effects on the society?

不过这种情况跑题的不是很多，毕竟因为学生不会无端给自己添加写作难度！

（3）偏转

这类跑题的考生没有回答题目要求写的影响或利弊，而是写了其他的方面，意义不用赘述，直接上例子：

(2011-06-23) Traditional food is being replaced by international fast foods. This has negative effects on family and society. To what extent do you

agree or disagree?

在这里，很多同学讨论影响是都会提到“快餐会影响个人健康（对个人的影响）但是对社会或家庭的影响却只字不提。

同样的情况发生在剑桥五“间隔年”这个题目中：题目只要求分析对做这件事情的年轻人的影响，那些谈对大学生就业，旅游业发展的答案均属于跑题。而老题

新出法（加限定）是考官常用，考生常中招的一种情况，比如才刚考的一个题目：

(2015-11-07) School leavers go travelling or work before they go directly to university. Are there more advantages or disadvantages on their study?

很多同学看到这个题目激动异常，以为就是间隔年原题，殊不知题目的最后出题人加了个“on their study”，那些经典的观点“开拓视野”、“独立”都不再是准确的答案了。不过真要是在考试中审题没注意到，中间写的过程中也还有补救的措施，考试只需再将“开拓视野”、“独立”和“学习”联系起来就好了，比如“独立的能力在应对学习中的困难和挫折中有很大帮助”。